Coprinces of Andorra

The Coprinces are the joint Heads of State of Andorra, representing a unique political system rooted in medieval tradition (the Pareatges of 1278). They are:

  • The Bishop of Urgell (Spain)
  • The President of France

They act jointly and indivisibly, symbolizing the sovereignty, independence, and historical balance of Andorra between its two neighbors.

The Coprinces are both ceremonial and constitutional figures, balancing tradition with modern governance. They embody Andorra’s sovereignty, neutrality, and continuity, while delegating executive power to the elected Head of Government and institutions.

✨ In short: The Coprinces are symbolic guardians of Andorra’s independence, balancing tradition and modern democracy, while the Head of Government runs daily politics.

  • Who they are:
    • The Bishop of Urgell (Spain)
    • The President of France
    • Together, they are the joint Heads of State of Andorra.
  • Historical origin:
    • Institution dates back to the Pareatges of 1278, which established shared sovereignty to protect Andorra’s independence.
  • Role and symbolism:
    • Represent sovereignty, independence, and continuity of Andorra.
    • Ensure balanced relations with France and Spain.
    • Function as arbitrators and moderators in the state system.
  • Key powers (with countersignature):
    • Call elections and referenda.
    • Appoint the Head of Government.
    • Dissolve the General Council (parliament).
    • Enact laws and approve treaties.
    • Accredit diplomatic representatives.
  • Independent powers (free will):
    • Grant pardons.
    • Appoint members of the High Court of Justice and Constitutional Court.
    • Request constitutional rulings.
    • Authorize international treaties before approval.
  • Budget & representation:
    • Each receives an equal budget allocation from the state.
    • Each appoints a personal representative in Andorra.
  • Succession:
    • In case of vacancy, succession follows the rules of each Coprince’s own legal system (e.g., new French President or new Bishop of Urgell automatically becomes Coprince).
Coprinces of Andorra

Key Functions and Powers of Coprinces according to the Constitution of the Principality of Andorra

Article 43 – Role and Identity

  • The Coprinces are the Head of State of Andorra.
  • Their authority is equal, and each swears to uphold the Constitution.

Article 44 – Symbolic and Moderating Role

  • Guarantee permanence, continuity, and independence of Andorra.
  • Ensure balanced relations with France and Spain.
  • Arbitrate and moderate the functioning of public authorities.
  • Immune from legal action (responsibility lies with countersigning authorities).

Article 45 – Powers with Countersignature

With the countersignature of the Head of Government or the Syndic General, they can:

  • Call general elections or a referendum.
  • Appoint the Head of Government.
  • Dissolve the General Council (parliament).
  • Accredit Andorra’s diplomatic representatives and receive foreign envoys.
  • Sanction and enact laws.
  • Approve international treaties.

Article 46 – Powers by Free Will

The Coprinces may also:

  • Grant pardons (prerogative of grace).
  • Create and manage their institutional services.
  • Appoint members of the High Court of Justice and the Constitutional Court.
  • Request rulings on the constitutionality of laws or treaties.
  • Authorize the adoption of international treaties.

Article 47 – Budget

  • The state budget assigns equal funds to each Coprince for their institutional services.

Article 48 – Representatives

  • Each Coprince appoints a personal representative in Andorra.

Article 49 – Vacancy

  • If one Coprince’s office is vacant, succession is handled by their respective legal system (e.g., new French President or new Bishop of Urgell).

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