Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich and layered history shaped by religious traditions, imperial rule, socialism, and modern reforms. From early religious schools to contemporary universities aligned with European standards, the country’s education system reflects both its heritage and its ongoing transformation.

Historical Background

The roots of higher education in Bosnia and Herzegovina date back to 1531, when Gazi Husrev-beg founded a school of Sufi philosophy in Sarajevo. Over time, numerous Islamic and Christian religious schools were established across the region.

During Austro-Hungarian administration, formal legal education expanded with the opening of a Sharia Law School in 1887, offering a five-year academic program. The transition to secular higher education occurred in the 20th century, most notably with the founding of the University of Sarajevo in the 1940s. Graduate-level studies became available in the 1950s.

Although heavily damaged during the 1992–1995 war, many universities—especially the University of Sarajevo—were later rebuilt with support from international academic partners.

Structure of the Education System

The education system in Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into three main levels:

1. Primary education
2. Secondary education
3. Tertiary (university) education

Each level is governed by laws at the entity level, reflecting the country’s decentralized political structure.

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Primary Education

Primary education is compulsory and free for all children between the ages of 6 and 15. It lasts nine years and is organized into three three-year cycles:

• Ages 6–9
• Ages 9–12
• Ages 12–15

This system was introduced in 2004, replacing the earlier eight-year model. In some regions, transitional arrangements allowed the older system to continue for students who had already begun their schooling before the reform.

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Secondary Education

Secondary education is also free of charge and typically begins at age 15. Depending on the school type, programs last three or four years.

There are two main types of secondary schools:

• General secondary schools (Gimnazija), which prepare students for higher education
• Technical and vocational schools, which focus on practical and professional skills

Students graduating from Gimnazija schools take the Matura examination, enabling them to apply to universities. Technical school graduates receive diplomas that qualify them for employment or further study.

One historically prestigious institution is Gimnazija Mostar, which was regarded as one of the leading academic schools in the former Yugoslavia.

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Tertiary (Higher) Education

Bosnia and Herzegovina has eight public universities, including:

• University of Sarajevo
• University of Banja Luka
• University of Mostar
• University of Tuzla
• University of Zenica
• University of East Sarajevo
• University Džemal Bijedić of Mostar
• University of Bihać

Together, these universities encompass around 90 faculties and academies. In addition, there are 37 private higher education institutions, which are legally treated the same as public universities under the 2007 Law on Higher Education.

Degree Structure and the Bologna Process

Higher education follows the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) and is organized into three cycles:

• Undergraduate studies:
  • Duration: 3–4 years
  • Credits: 180–240 ECTS
  • Degree: Bachelor of Arts or Science
• Postgraduate studies:
  • Duration: 2 years
  • Credits: 120 ECTS
  • Degree: Master of Arts or Science
• Doctoral studies (PhD):
  • Duration: Typically 3 years
  • Degree: Doctor of Science or Arts

Universities may also offer postgraduate specialist programs, particularly in fields such as medicine.

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Governance and Reform Challenges

Higher education institutions are funded and regulated by the authorities of either the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina or Republika Srpska, while the state-level Ministry of Civil Affairs coordinates policies across entities.

Key reform priorities include:

• Full implementation of the Bologna Process
• Establishment of ENIC information centers
• Improved financing and quality assurance mechanisms
• Wider use of diploma supplements and credit transfer systems

These reforms aim to align Bosnia and Herzegovina’s education system with broader European standards and improve international recognition of its degrees.

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Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina combines centuries-old traditions with modern European frameworks. While the system continues to face challenges related to governance, funding, and reform, it remains a vital foundation for social development, economic growth, and regional integration.

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