Egypt is located in the northeastern corner of Africa, it spans 1.2 million km², making it one of the largest countries in the region.

Capital

Cairo – the political, cultural, and economic heart of Egypt.

Egypt’s four main regions

Egypt is geographically divided into four main regions:

1. The Nile Valley and Delta (≈33,000 km²)

• Extends from the Nile’s southern reaches (near Wadi Halfa) to the Mediterranean.
• Divided into Upper Egypt (south of Cairo) and Lower Egypt (north of Cairo).
• The Nile splits into the Damietta and Rachid (Rosetta) branches, forming the fertile Delta.

1. The Western Desert (≈680,000 km²)

• Stretches from the Nile Valley to Libya and from the Mediterranean to Sudan.
• Northern Section: Includes coastal plains, the Great Depression, Natroun Valley, and Bahariya Oasis.
• Southern Section: Features Farafra, Kharga, Dakhla, and El-Owainat oases.

1. The Eastern Desert (≈325,000 km²)

• Lies between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea, Suez Gulf, and Suez Canal.
• Contains the Eastern Mountains, rich in minerals (gold, coal, oil).

1. Sinai Peninsula (≈61,000 km²)

• Triangular landmass between the Mediterranean, Gulf of Aqaba, and Gulf of Suez.
• Divided into:
  • Southern Sinai: Rugged granite mountains, including Mount Catherine (2,640 m, Egypt’s highest peak).
  • Central Sinai: Arid plateaus.
  • Northern Sinai: Plains with water resources from seasonal rainfall.

Climate

Egypt’s climate varies by region:

• Northern Coast: Mediterranean—warm summers, mild winters with some rain.
• Interior & South: Arid desert—hot days, cool nights.
• Average Temperatures:
• Lower Egypt: 20–25°C (day), 7–17°C (night).
• Upper Egypt: Higher daytime temperatures, cooler nights.

Water Resources

Egypt relies on:

1. The Nile River (primary source).
2. Rainfall & flash floods (limited).
3. Groundwater (especially in oases).

Mineral & Oil Resources

Egypt is rich in:

• Minerals: Phosphates, iron ore, gold, coal.
• Oil & Gas: Major reserves in the Eastern Desert, Sinai, and offshore.

Language

• Official Language: Arabic.
• Widely Spoken: English (primary foreign language), French (used in business).

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